Indus Valley
Civilization / Harappan Civilization/ ഹരപ്പൻ സംസ്കാരം
The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age
civilization (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) extending from what
today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India Along with
Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia it was one of three early civilizations of the
Old World, and of the three the most widespread. It flourished in the basins of
the Indus River, one of the major rivers of Asia, and the Ghaggar-Hakra River, which
once coursed through northwest India and eastern Pakistan.
At its peak, the Indus Civilization may have had a population of
over five million. Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley developed new
techniques in handicraft (carnelian products, seal carving) and metallurgy
(copper, bronze, lead, and tin). The Indus cities are noted for their urban
planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems,
and clusters of large non-residential buildings.
The Indus Valley Civilization is also known as the Harappan
Civilization, after Harappa, the first of its sites to be excavated in the
1920s, in what was then the Punjab province of British India, and is now in
Pakistan. The discovery of Harappa, and soon afterwards, Mohenjo-Daro, was the
culmination of work beginning in 1861 with the founding of the Archaeological
Survey of India in the British Raj.[6] Excavation of Harappan sites has been
ongoing since 1920, with important breakthroughs occurring as recently as 1999.
There were earlier and later cultures, often called Early Harappan and Late
Harappan, in the same area of the Harappan Civilization. The Harappan
civilization is sometimes called the Mature Harappan culture to distinguish it
from these cultures. By 1999, over 1,056 cities and settlements had been found,
of which 96 have been excavated,mainly in the general region of the Indus and
Ghaggar-Hakra Rivers and their tributaries. Among the settlements were the
major urban centres of Harappa, Mohenjo-daro (UNESCO World Heritage Site),
Dholavira, Ganeriwala in Cholistan and Rakhigarhi.
The Harappan language is not directly attested and its
affiliation is uncertain since the Indus script is still undeciphered. A
relationship with the Dravidian or Elamo-Dravidian language family is favored
by a section of scholars, while others suggest an Austroasiatic language
related to Munda.
